There are five parts to the DNA Research Framework:
- Understand DNA Basics
- Know what you are working with
- Combine genetic and genealogical research
- Use genetic research to prove and expand your pedigree
- Continuous review
Within the framework we apply a DNA research methodology to ensure we systematically and methodically review our results, to improve our productivity and success rates.
The following blog posts provide more detailed information about the DNA Research framework, applying the DNA Research Methodology and building your DNA analysis skills:
This post contains reference material relevant to Module 2
The ISOGG site also has a lot of useful material refer - ISOGG Beginners' guides to genetic genealogy. You can find earlier material relevant to Module 1 here.
Know what you are working with - Broad approach
This module is designed to help you understand how to identify/manage/organise your DNA data so you know what you are working with.
Recap on the key concepts from Module 1:
- Concepts: Inheritance, Roberta Estes 2020
- What is a match? Roberta Estes, August 2021 (subscribe to this new series!)
- How many matches do I have, Roberta Estes 2021
- Relationship predictions - cousinship (ISOGG)
- Relationship predictions - shared cMs (v4 Blaine Bettinger 2020
Before venturing into the labyrinth of chromosome analysis, make sure you have maximised your findings from your AncestryDNA (and results from other sites) and have attempted to identify all your closest matches up to 3rd cousins. You should have also applied the grouping process (Leeds Method or similar) at AncestryDNA (and other sites) to identify likely match groups for each of your 16 x 2nd great grandparents.
Ideally, you want to be fairly certain that your closer matches appear to support your pedigree out to your 2GGP's (as much as possible). When working with your DNA matches you need to ensure your are working from a solid base and that the pedigree you have researched, is in fact your true genetic ancestral line too. If you have no matches on some of these lines, and/or a group of unknown matches sharing large amounts of DNA with you, you may need to question whether your documented pedigree is accurate.
- Filling in the Blanks - The Legal Genealogist 2019
- 8 ways to use ancestral trees in DNA Painter, Jonny Perl 2020
- Matching at AncestryDNA and what it means, Roberts Estes 2021
- AncestryDNA Grouping process, Christine Woodlands 2020
- Leeds Method - Dana Leeds 2018
Know what you are working with - Chromosome analysis
After working with your DNA results broadly for a time you will probably want to delve into analysing your results at the chromosome level. To confirm your pedigree beyond 3rd cousins or where there is no documented paper trail (with the exception of parent/child and sibling relationships) you need to undertake detailed chromosome analysis, using segment data.
Download your segment data:-
- Downloading segment data and why you should - Roberts Estes, 2021
- How to download your DNA match lists and segment files - Roberta Estes, 2022
- 23andMe
- FTDNA Chromosome Browser
- GEDmatch Segment Search - Tier 1 $'s
- My Heritage
- Third party tools - DNAGedcom Client, YourDNA.family (currently only 23andMe but plans to expand in the future to include other sites);
Decide how you are going to organise your data and keep track of research undertaken. These are the 3 main methods:
- DNA Painter. The visual method suits many, but DNA Painter lacks the ability to manipulate data, draw upon historical notes, sort like groups in different ways etc. Even so, the site has lots of fabulous features so get your account now! This video outlines its features - Introduction to DNA Painter.
- The spreadsheet method - Jim Bartlett's Blog of 2014 can give you some ideas about how to design your spreadsheet. If you are serious about working with results in the longer term, you will want to retain any work you do and not fall into the trap of constantly duplicating your research. This necessitates capturing a lot of data as you go. Beware - over time this spreadsheet will become extremely large and you need good technical skills to be able to manage it. In January 2022, Danielle Lautrec also published a useful blogpost about how she uses Excel in her DNA analysis.
- Genealogical DNA Analysis Tool - This is a 'built for purpose' database, specifically for analysing your autosomal DNA results. It keeps everything organised and all in one place. Before starting to work with this tool you need to understand the underlying theory of chromosome analysis.
Apply the research methodology to your analysis process:
- DNA Research Methodology - Veronica Williams, January 2021
- Top 10 Hints for Autosomal Research - Veronica Williams, September 2016
Understand the difference uses of the term 'in common with'. Distinguish between shared matches and shared segments.
- One chromosome, two sides, no zipper - Roberta Estes 2015 (for use with FTDNA, slides are dated but the concepts are well explained)
- Shared ancestral segments and false positives (IBD, IBP, IBC/IBS) - Roberta Estes 2017
- Fully Identical and Half Identical Regions (FIR/HIR), whoareyoumadeof.com 2021
- X marks the spot - Roberta Estes 2012
- Pile up regions, Family History Fanatics, 2021
- Recombining Relations, The Legal Genealogist 2021
- Determining Sides, a Segment-ology TIDBIT, Jim Bartlett, 2023
Focus on triangulation to identify match groups who share a common ancestor and don't waste your time chasing likely false positive matches:
- Triangulation: ISOGG - 2 types: 'tree triangulation' and 'segment triangulation'.
- Triangulation: The what, why and how - Roberta Estes, 2021
- How to Triangulate - Jim Bartlett, Segmentology. May 2015
- The Benefits of Triangulation - Jim Bartlett, Segmentology, May 2015
- Triangulating your genome using My Heritage - Jim Bartlett, Segmentology, Dec 2020.
- Identify your ancestors - Follow nested segments - Roberta Estes, Jan 2022
- My Heritage - Why don't the segments triangulate? , Family Locket, May 2022
Once you have mastered the underlying theory of 'triangulated segments' and 'triangulated groups' you may wish to experiment with other tools that provide quick ways to identify matches who might be related to you in the same ancestor group. Consider using clustering tools to help you quickly identify groups of interest to explore, but remember to keep in mind whether the clusters are based on 'shared matches' or 'shared segments'.
- GEDmatch - You need to subscribe to Tier 1 tools to access the clustering tools.
- GEDmatch Auto Segment Analyser- Read Roberta Estes' review here, 19 Oct 21.
- My Heritage - Free
- DNAGedcom Client - Collins Leeds Method for AncestryDNA and FTDNA
- Genetic Affairs - 23andMe, FTDNA, GEDmatch, My Heritage.
- DNA Painter Cluster Map Tool
- Genetic Affairs - Auto segment, includes identifying personal 'pile up' regions.
- Clustering for autosomal analysis, Veronica Williams 2021
Suggested activities
Click this link to find some activities to help you apply 'Module 2' in practice. These have been developed for use with the My Heritage website.
If you are not very familiar with the My Heritage site it is recommended you watch this video first.
Advanced reading:
Jim Bartlett has written a four part series on the distribution of Triangulated Groups, which you might find of interest. This follows his earlier discussion on Triangulating your genome using My Heritage, in December 2020.
* Part 1 Distribution of Triangulated Groups, 1 Oct 2021
* Part 2 Distribution of Triangulated Groups, 5 Oct 2021
* Part 3 Distribution of Triangulated Groups, 8 Oct 2021
* Part 4 Distribution of Triangulated Groups (spreadsheet), 13 Oct 2021
Veronica Williams
Originally posted 22 September 2021
Last updated 25 May 2023